Conclusion: To
qualify as truly moral, an action must be done solely for the duty itself, and
oppose any and all inclinations.
EP 1: A will that is good regardless of any further end comprises
the complete worth of our actions. (9)
EP 2: The concept of duty includes a good will. (9)
EP 3: Duty consists of a good will that has certain subjective
restrictions upon it. (9)
EP 4: These aforementioned restrictions upon a good will are
ones that do not hide the good will, but in fact make it more pronounced. (9)
IP 1: These restrictions are situations that allow certain
actions to either qualify as having been done by a good will or not.
- These situations are meant to
distinguish an action as being done solely for duty or not.
IP 2: A good will, that has specific situations in which
illuminate it, composes the complete worth of our actions.
EP5: The first situation that would not make an action a part of good will is action that opposes duty.
(10)
-
An action that opposes duty cannot be done from
or for duty since it is contrary to a duty itself; therefore, there is no
question that this action was not done solely for duty.
EP 6: The second situation that would not make an action a part of good will is action that abides to
duty but is done for some inclination that is not an immediate inclination. (10)
-
An immediate inclination would be an instinctual
drive to do something; therefore, an inclination that is not an immediate inclination
would be one of acquired ends (a mediate inclination).
-
For example: A man would pay his taxes not
because he had an immediate inclination to do so, but because he had a mediate
inclination to not suffer the outcomes that occur to people who do not pay
their taxes. So while his action is done in concurrence with duty, it is not
done for the duty itself: it is done so that he will not suffer certain
consequences. (10)
EP 7: The third situation that would not make an action a part of good will is action that abides to
duty but is done because of an immediate inclination. (10)
-
For example: a man does not kill himself because
he loves life and his immediate inclination is to remain living. (10)
-
While not killing one’s self is acting in
concurrence with duty, it is also done for the sake of an immediate inclination
to stay alive and therefore is not done solely for duty. (10)
EP 8: The last case that would
in fact make an action a part of good will, is action that is done without any
inclination. (10)
-
For example: A man who is, hopeless, hates life,
and wishes for death, decides that despite his misery he will remain alive
because he has a duty to not kill himself. This man has acted with good will
because this action is in concurrence with duty and also was free of
inclination. He had an inclination to die but instead, acted contrary to that
inclination and remained alive solely for the duty of not killing himself. (10)
IP 3: An action that is done with any inclination at all has
some form of selfish motive.
-
Either an immediate or mediate inclination
causes for an action to be done with some sort of satisfaction to that person,
which makes that action of selfish motive.
-
A man pays his takes out of a mediate
inclination to save himself from punishment: he had a selfish desire to not be
punished.
-
The man
who does not kill himself out of an immediate inclination to live because he
loves life has a wonderful life to gain by not killing himself. He therefore
had a selfish desire to stay alive in his wonderful life.
IP 4: These situations are not actions that comprise a good will due to their containment of
some type of selfish purpose.
IP 5: An action of good will is moral.
IP 6: An action done without any inclination and for duty
solely is of a good will.
EP 9: An action, which is done without any inclination and
for duty solely, is moral. (10)
EP 10: To qualify as truly moral, an action must be done
solely for the duty itself, and oppose any and all inclinations. (11-12)
