Conclusion: Actions are
considered moral if they are enacted for a sense of duty motivated by universal
moral principal out of respect for the law
EP 1: An action can
be deemed moral only by the principle through which it was determined (12-13)
EP 2: An action from
duty has no moral worth if it is motivated by the realization of the end result
of the action (13)
EP 3: The moral worth
of an action does not lie in the expected result or in any motive gained from
the expectation of this result (13)
IP 1: The realization
of the end result of an action is considered a motivation that is a posteriori, which is benign of all
moral principles and duty
IP 2: A sense of duty
motivated by moral principle leads to moral action because the sense of duty is
based upon moral principles that are a
priori, or, already established
EP 4: Duty is the
necessity of an action done out of respect for the law (13)
EP 5: An action done from duty must altogether exclude the influence of inclination and, therefore, every object of the will (13)
EP 5: An action done from duty must altogether exclude the influence of inclination and, therefore, every object of the will (13)
EP 6: Hence, nothing
else can determine the will except (objectively) the law, and (subjectively)
pure respect for this practical law.
EP 7: This respect for
the practical law comes above personal inclinations. (13)
EP 8: Moral actions
should be driven by a maxim that is capable of becoming universal law (14)
IP 3: Universal law must
apply to all humans in all situations, therefore it cannot take into account
circumstances or impulses, so moral principle cannot either
IP 4: Morality is not
relative and applies to all human beings
EP 9: Giving false
promises in distress for fear of disadvantageous consequences is immoral (14)
EP 10: Telling the
truth for fear of disadvantageous consequences is also immoral (14-15)
IP 5: Fear of the
consequence does not follow moral principle, because worrying about the effect
of an action is a posteriori, and
true moral principle must be a priori (independent
of the outcome).
EP 11: To be truthful
from duty is different from being truthful from fear of disadvantageous
consequences (15)
EP 12: Making
universal law out of the utilization of false promises to deter distress would
lead to self-destruction of the maxim itself (15)
-If everybody were to make false
promises in difficult situations (universalizing the law), promises would not
truly exist at all and a level of distrust would be created (15)
EP 13: Respect is an
estimation of a worth that far outweighs any worth of what is recommended by
inclinations
EP 14: Necessity of
acting from pure respect for the practical law is what constitutes duty (15)
-Every other motive must give way to
this because duty is the condition of a will good in itself, whose worth is
above all else (15)
EP 15: Ordinary human
reason shows the ability to understand practical moral law (16)
Ex:
Most people understand that moral concerns should be independent of
sensuous motivation (16)
